发布日期：2020-06-12 16:28:28 点击：次
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Eye fixactions are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. ________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
42.________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43.________
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
44.________
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45.________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
解析：本段第三句说了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也说：眼神接触和微笑能signal availability and confidence发送可用性和自信的信号。都说明眼神接触是个友善的社交信号。 因此选C。
42.答案：E
解析：本段第一句就出现了hormone 荷尔蒙，此外，本段中出现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自闭症谱系症状等词都说明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中还有explore探索，brain scanning 脑部扫描。所以选E
43. 答案：G
解析：本段第一句就说了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接触根据不同情况会发出不同的讯息。下一句主干说在不利环境中，会与dominance支配or intimidation恫吓有关联。因此G为正确答案。
44.答案：A
解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地说到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分说明很快，所以选A。
45. 答案：D
解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引用中转折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人们脑部反应不同，最后一句话更加明确说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒服。因此选D。
Part C Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。
47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48. Despite attempts by the Church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。
50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's ‘Sapere aude’ or ’dare to know’.
这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“Sapere aude”或英文“dare to know”描述。
【解析】
1. 本句主干为 the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged(中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合)
2. With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance做伴随状语，其中being eclipsed是with+宾语+宾补结构的一部分。
3. leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories现在分词作结果状语。
【参考译文】
由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。
47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking(当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式) ，其中 at the time作后置定语修饰many thinkers 。
2. Before each of their revelations部分为时间状语。
3. including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe，分词作后置定语修饰ways of thinking，其中that后是同位语从句修饰限定view。
【参考译文】在每个启示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made(更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在进行着)，其中for后面是how引导的宾语从句。
2. Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists
做方式状语，其中to suppress...作后置定语修饰attempts
3. that people could no longer ignore做定语从句修饰rate。
【参考译文】
尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for an Age of Reason.
【解析】
1. 本句主干为the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era. (文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了)，是两个并列单句。
2. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world为时间状语从句，as译为“当.......什么时候”
(1) took on the duty，意思为“承担责任”
(2) of后是介宾短语作后置定语修饰duty。
【参考译文】
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的理性时代到来了。
50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's‘Sapere aude’or‘dare to know’.
【解析】
1. 本句是一简单句，主干的谓语动词是were captured
2. to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew 部分是不定式作后置定语，修饰such actions，其中what information we already knew是 understand 的宾语从句。
【参考译文】
试图去寻求知识和理解我们已有信息这种行动由拉丁文词语 ‘Sapere aude’ 或 ‘dare to know’来描述。